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PMS is associated with variations in female hormone levels. The syndrome appears during puberty development and subsides with menopause. Its causes are not completely clear, but what is certain is that PMS symptoms are caused by hormonal changes preceding the onset of menstruation. There are other factors that can cause or exacerbate PMS as well. Its symptoms are caused by the interaction between hormones and neurotransmitters (which carry nerve impulses).
Substances in the body that are involved with PMS are:
- Estrogen and progesterone. These are sex-related hormones, and their levels vary during the premenstrual phase of the cycle. Their variations can intensify or increase PMS symptoms.
- Prolactin. This hormone stimulates milk production and regulates the menstrual cycle. Its production increases during the premenstrual period. The rise in prolactin causes abdominal pain, bloating and headache.
- Prostaglandins. These pain-triggering hormones affect the vascular system.
- Endorphins. These substances are produced by the brain and affect pain perception and tolerance. A reduction in endorphin levels increases the sensation of pain.
- Serotonin. This substance affects mood and appetite. Its level drops during the premenstrual period. A reduction in serotonin levels creates feelings of anxiety and depression.
A lack of certain vitamins and minerals (calcium and magnesium) can increase PMS symptoms.
PMS is hereditary and appears to be transmitted from mother to daughter.
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